Insurance Telematics Market Size & Share 2026 - 2034

Insurance Telematics Market Size

The global insurance telematics market size was valued at USD 7.7 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 19.7% between 2026 and 2034. The rise in adoption of Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) and increased vehicle connectivity are propelling the market.

The insurance telematics industry is experiencing significant growth as insurers increasingly adopt data-driven models to enhance underwriting accuracy and customer engagement. The shift from conventional insurance policies to usage-based and behavior-based insurance is enabling companies to offer more personalized coverage options. By utilizing telematics technologies such as GPS, onboard diagnostics, and mobile applications, insurers can monitor driving patterns in real time, helping reduce risks while improving pricing accuracy. This transformation is making insurance telematics an essential component of the future automotive insurance ecosystem.

The increasing popularity of the telematics insurance market is largely driven by the adoption of connected vehicles and the growing demand for personalized insurance products. Insurers are leveraging real-time driving data to develop flexible policies that reward safe driving behavior and improve customer retention. The telematics based auto insurance market is also benefiting from advancements in artificial intelligence and IoT technologies, which provide insurers with deeper insights into driver behavior, claims management, and fraud detection, thereby creating more efficient and customer-centric insurance solutions.

North America remains one of the most influential regions in the industry, with the North America insurance telematics market benefiting from high connected vehicle penetration and strong adoption of usage-based insurance programs. The region continues to lead innovation as insurers invest heavily in digital platforms and advanced telematics solutions. Likewise, insurance telematics USA is witnessing sustained growth, supported by increasing consumer awareness of pay-how-you-drive insurance models and the rising integration of connected vehicle technologies across passenger and commercial vehicles.

The Europe market is also expanding rapidly due to supportive regulations, increasing road safety initiatives, and the widespread adoption of connected mobility solutions. Insurance telematics Europe is gaining traction as insurers collaborate with automakers and technology providers to deliver innovative insurance products tailored to evolving consumer needs. As a result, the global insurance telematics market size is expected to grow steadily, driven by continuous advancements in telematics technology, data analytics, and customer-focused insurance models that redefine the future of automotive insurance.

Market Dynamic

Drivers

• Rising adoption of Usage-Based Insurance (UBI)

The rising adoption of Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) is transforming the auto insurance industry as insurers increasingly use telematics, connected vehicles, and real-time driving data to offer personalized premiums. Consumers are actively seeking pay-as-you-drive and behavior-based insurance plans that reward safe driving while lowering insurance costs. Growing demand for digital insurance solutions, improved risk assessment, and data-driven pricing models is encouraging insurers to expand UBI offerings, making it a key growth driver for the insurance telematics and connected insurance markets worldwide.

• Growing demand for driver behavior monitoring

The growing demand for driver behavior monitoring is driven by insurers and fleet operators seeking safer driving practices, lower accident rates, and more accurate risk assessment. Advanced telematics solutions track speeding, harsh braking, acceleration, distracted driving, and cornering behavior in real time, enabling usage-based insurance (UBI) programs and personalized premiums. As companies increasingly prioritize fleet safety, driver scorecards, and predictive analytics, driver behavior monitoring systems are becoming essential for improving operational efficiency, reducing claims costs, and enhancing customer engagement across the insurance and transportation sectors.

Opportunities

• Integration of AI for Personalized Risk Assessment Paves the Way for Future Growth

The integration of AI for personalized risk assessment is creating significant growth opportunities across industries by enabling real-time data analysis, predictive modeling, and highly accurate risk profiling. AI-powered risk assessment solutions help businesses deliver tailored insurance pricing, improve underwriting efficiency, and reduce fraud risks. As organizations increasingly adopt advanced analytics and machine learning to enhance customer experiences and optimize decision-making, the demand for AI-driven personalized risk assessment technologies is expected to accelerate, supporting sustained market growth over the coming years.

Challenges     

• Data privacy & security concerns

Data privacy and security concerns remain a major challenge as connected platforms collect increasing volumes of sensitive customer and operational data. Businesses are prioritizing secure data management, end-to-end encryption, regulatory compliance, and cyber risk mitigation to prevent breaches and unauthorized access. Growing concerns over data protection laws, privacy regulations, and cybersecurity threats are encouraging companies to invest in advanced security frameworks. As a result, vendors offering robust privacy safeguards and secure digital ecosystems are gaining a competitive advantage and strengthening customer trust.

Insurance Telematics Market Trends

The insurance telematics industry is witnessing a strong shift toward modular and scalable architectures that support a broader telematics ecosystem across passenger vehicles, commercial fleets, and shared mobility services. Insurers are increasingly deploying unified platforms that seamlessly integrate embedded devices, smartphone applications, and cloud-based analytics to accelerate product launches and standardize data collection. This trend is strengthening the adoption of telematics UBI and UBI telematics models, enabling insurers to offer personalized, usage-based policies while improving operational flexibility. As a result, modular platforms are emerging as one of the most significant telematics market trends shaping the industry's long-term growth trajectory.

Evolving regulations related to data privacy, consumer consent, and fair underwriting practices are transforming the insurance telematics market. Insurers are prioritizing secure and transparent IoT-based insurance telematics solutions that comply with frameworks such as GDPR, LGPD, and emerging regulations across North America and APAC. Compliance is increasingly influencing procurement decisions, particularly for multinational insurers and fleet operators seeking reliable cross-border telematics deployments. This growing focus on cybersecurity, data governance, and algorithmic transparency is becoming a defining trend as insurers aim to build customer trust while expanding telematics-enabled insurance offerings.

Advanced analytics and artificial intelligence are redefining how insurers evaluate risk and manage claims within the market. Modern platforms now leverage vehicle sensors, contextual data, and AI-driven algorithms to deliver real-time driver scoring, crash detection, fraud identification, and predictive claims assessment. This evolution is accelerating the adoption of telematics on demand, where insurers can provide flexible coverage tailored to driving behavior and vehicle usage patterns. Moreover, usage-based insurance telematics news today increasingly highlights the growing role of AI-powered solutions in reducing claim costs, improving customer retention, and enhancing underwriting accuracy across global markets.

Insurance Telematics Market Analysis

By Component

Based on component, the insurance telematics market is divided into hardware, software, and services. In 2025, the hardware segment dominated the market accounting for around 54.4% and is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 20.3% during the forecast period.
 

• Insurance telematics hardware continues to dominate the market landscape, serving as the foundational layer for capturing, transmitting, and processing driving behavior and vehicle usage data. Devices such as OBD-II dongles, black boxes, embedded telematics control units (TCUs), and advanced GPS trackers are instrumental in enabling insurers to monitor parameters like speed, acceleration, braking patterns, mileage, and location in real time. Designed for durability, scalability, and precision, these hardware solutions are central to implementing usage-based insurance (UBI), pay-as-you-drive (PAYD), and behavior-based insurance models across a wide spectrum of vehicle types.
   
• Frequently integrated with vehicle diagnostics systems, driver monitoring setups, and aftermarket telematics solutions, insurance telematics hardware plays a pivotal role in minimizing data latency and ensuring continuous data availability without sole reliance on mobile networks or cloud platforms. Hardware solutions are increasingly built to comply with evolving data standards and safety regulations, featuring tamper-resistance, battery backup, crash event detection, and support for multiple connectivity protocols like 4G/5G and Bluetooth. These capabilities ensure reliable data transmission and resilience in a variety of operational conditions, from urban congestion to remote areas.
   
• As the insurance industry transitions toward data-rich, software-defined engagement models, telematics hardware is being enhanced with features such as real-time analytics processing, modular firmware updates, and embedded AI chips for on-device event detection and scoring. These innovations support dynamic insurance offerings, predictive claim management, and real-time driver feedback, allowing insurers to move beyond static risk profiles to adaptive, behavior-driven models. The ability to push over-the-air updates, enable event-triggered alerts, and integrate with smartphone-based ecosystems further elevates the strategic importance of hardware in the evolving insurance telematics stack.
   
• For insurers and technology vendors aiming to scale across regions and vehicle categories, hardware offers the necessary performance, configurability, and reliability to drive mass deployment. Its role in supporting compliance with regional data protection laws, insurance regulations, and communication standards makes it a critical infrastructure layer in the digital transformation of motor insurance. As vehicle connectivity and customer demand for personalized coverage grow, robust telematics hardware will remain the cornerstone of delivering scalable, secure, and real-time insurance solutions globally.

By Vehicle 

Learn more about the key segments shaping this market

Download Free PDF

Based on vehicle, the insurance telematics market is segmented into passenger cars, and commercial vehicles. In 2025, the passenger cars segment dominates the market with 69.9% share and the segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 21% from 2026 to 2034.
 

• Passenger cars represent the dominant segment in the insurance telematics industry, driven by the widespread adoption of usage-based insurance (UBI), enhanced vehicle connectivity, and the growing demand for personalized, behavior-driven insurance models. These vehicles generate rich telematics data through factory-fitted systems or aftermarket devices, enabling insurers to assess real-time driving behavior, optimize premium pricing, and improve risk evaluation with greater accuracy and speed.
   
• With the rising production and ownership of connected and electric passenger vehicles across regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, insurers are leveraging telematics to deliver more precise underwriting and proactive claims management. Passenger vehicles increasingly support advanced features like GPS tracking, driver scoring, and crash detection, making them ideal candidates for telematics integration that enhances both customer engagement and loss prevention.
   
• Telematics providers and insurers are developing energy-efficient, compact hardware and app-based platforms tailored specifically for passenger car users. These solutions integrate seamlessly with smartphones, onboard diagnostics, and cloud systems, enabling services like real-time feedback, maintenance alerts, and emergency assistance. The convergence of hardware reliability, data analytics, and user-friendly mobile interfaces is making telematics adoption in the passenger segment more accessible and cost-effective.
   
• As consumers continue to demand greater transparency, customized policies, and smart mobility experiences, insurance telematics for passenger cars will remain the cornerstone of market expansion. This segment not only leads to deployment volume but also shapes innovation in digital insurance by supporting next-gen services such as pay-how-you-drive models, personalized rewards, and automated claim reporting redefining the relationship between insurers and drivers in a connected world.
   

Based on deployment mode, the insurance telematics market is segmented into cloud-based, and on-premises. The cloud-based segment is expected to dominate cloud platforms that allow insurers to scale storage and computing resources dynamically as the number of connected vehicles and data volumes grow.

• Cloud-based insurance telematics platforms are highly valued for their agility, remote configuration, and real-time data aggregation capabilities, making them the preferred choice among insurers, mobility service providers, and fleet managers. Their dominance is further driven by rising investments in connected vehicle infrastructure and data-centric insurance models across North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, regions where cloud-native platforms power dynamic policy pricing, instant claims processing, and driver behavior analytics at scale.
• Leading telematics technology providers are advancing cloud-first ecosystems by leveraging containerized services, microservices architectures, and API-driven integrations. These innovations enable seamless cross-platform compatibility, intelligent workload management, and rapid deployment of new insurance functionalities such as UBI models, predictive risk scoring, and automated claims workflows enhancing operational efficiency and customer responsiveness.
• As insurers accelerate their shift toward digital-first underwriting and personalized policies, cloud-based telematics systems offer unmatched scalability, cost efficiency, and innovation potential. Their seamless integration with AI/ML engines, real-time data visualization dashboards, and third-party data sources (e.g., weather, traffic) empowers insurers to make faster, more informed decisions. The ability to perform OTA updates, implement secure data governance, and meet region-specific compliance standards, which includes cloud platforms as strategic enablers of future-ready insurance ecosystems.
   
• Positioned at the convergence of connectivity, automation, and data intelligence, cloud-based telematics deployment is no longer a tactical choice it is the backbone of scalable, adaptive, and consumer-centric motor insurance in a connected mobility era.

By Regional 

In 2025, U.S. in North America dominated the insurance telematics market with around 81.6% market share and generated around USD 2.4 billion in revenue.

• The United States leads the global insurance telematics industry, driven by its high vehicle ownership rate, early adoption of usage-based insurance (UBI), and advanced digital infrastructure. As one of the world’s most mature auto insurance markets, the U.S. telematics landscape is shaped by the widespread integration of connected vehicle technologies, growing demand for personalized insurance, and a strong regulatory push toward data-driven underwriting practices.
• Major insurers such as Progressive, Allstate, and Liberty Mutual, alongside telematics innovators like Verisk, IMS, and Cambridge Mobile Telematics, are deploying advanced data analytics, behavior-based scoring models, and smartphone-integrated solutions. These players are setting industry benchmarks with scalable, cloud-native telematics platforms that enable real-time driver monitoring, dynamic pricing, and automated claims handling.
• Backed by regulatory initiatives encouraging safer driving and transparency such as incentives for UBI and distracted driving penalties, U.S. insurers are accelerating the rollout of mobile-based and OBD-II telematics programs across all 50 states. These systems capture granular driving data including speed, braking, time of day, and phone usage to inform policyholder risk profiles, reduce fraud, and improve loss ratios.
   
• The U.S. also benefits from a robust ecosystem of AI startups, cloud service providers, and mobile tech companies that enable rapid telematics innovation. With a strong culture of digital adoption, consumer receptiveness to usage-based models, and mature data privacy laws like CCPA, the U.S. remains at the forefront of insurance telematics paving the way for a more adaptive, data-rich, and customer-centric insurance future.
   

The insurance telematics market in the UK is expected to experience significant and promising growth from 2026 to 2034.

• The United Kingdom dominates the European insurance telematics industry, underpinned by its early adoption of usage-based insurance (UBI), strong regulatory support for safe driving incentives, and high telematics penetration among young and high-risk drivers. As one of the first markets to implement telematics-based auto policies on a scale, the UK has established a mature, competitive ecosystem where insurers leverage real-time driving data to enhance risk assessment and pricing accuracy.
   
• Leading insurance providers such as Admiral, Direct Line, and Hastings Direct, along with technology firms like Trakm8 and The Floow, are delivering advanced telematics solutions that combine GPS tracking, driver behavior analytics, and AI-driven risk profiling. These companies have played a pivotal role in transforming UBI from a niche product to a mainstream offering, especially for younger drivers facing high premiums.
   
• Government and industry initiatives aimed at improving road safety and reducing insurance fraud, such as the push against "crash-for-cash" schemes have further accelerated telematics adoption. With growing consumer trust and favorable regulatory frameworks, UK insurers are integrating smartphone-based apps, black box devices, and connected car data into flexible policy models that reward safe driving habits and promote transparency.
• The UK’s compact geography, advanced mobile infrastructure, and strong consumer awareness of personalized insurance benefits make it an ideal environment for telematics innovation. Its well-established regulatory landscape (e.g., FCA oversight, GDPR compliance) ensures responsible data usage and consumer protection, reinforcing the UK’s position as a leader in driving the next phase of intelligent, connected insurance solutions in Europe.

The insurance telematics market in China is expected to experience significant and promising growth from 2026 to 2034.

• China is emerging as the dominant force in the Asia-Pacific market, driven by rapid digitization of the automotive sector, widespread smartphone usage, and increasing demand for usage-based and behavior-based insurance models. With one of the largest vehicle fleets globally and rising road safety concerns, China presents a significant opportunity for insurers to adopt telematics as a core part of risk assessment and pricing strategies.
   
• Leading insurers such as Ping An Insurance, PICC, and China Life are deploying advanced telematics platforms that integrate GPS tracking, driver scoring, and AI-powered analytics. These solutions enable real-time monitoring, personalized premiums, and more efficient claims processing. This shift is transforming traditional motor insurance into a dynamic and data-driven service model.
• Supportive government policies promoting connected vehicle infrastructure, smart city development, and centralized data-sharing frameworks are accelerating the adoption of telematics across urban and industrial regions. Collaborations between insurers and technology leaders like Huawei and Baidu are helping build an advanced ecosystem focused on in-vehicle data capture and cloud-based analytics.

The insurance telematics market in South Africa is expected to experience significant and promising growth from 2026 to 2034.

• South Africa leads the insurance telematics industry in the Middle East and Africa, driven by its well-established insurance sector, growing digital infrastructure, and increasing consumer adoption of usage-based insurance (UBI) models. The country's progressive regulatory environment supports innovation in telematics to enhance risk assessment and personalized premium pricing.
• Government and private sector initiatives promoting road safety, driver behavior monitoring, and digital insurance solutions are accelerating telematics adoption across South Africa. Programs targeting commercial fleets and individual drivers are leveraging telematics to reduce accident rates and insurance fraud, improving overall market confidence.
   
• South African insurers are partnering with global technology providers like MiX Telematics, Ctrack, and Vodacom to develop advanced telematics platforms featuring real-time data analytics, driver scoring, and integrated claims management. These collaborations focus on enhancing customer engagement and operational efficiency within the insurance ecosystem.
• The rising popularity of connected vehicles, mobile connectivity, and smartphone-based telematics apps is driving demand for scalable, secure telematics solutions that deliver accurate driver insights, promote safe driving habits, and enable flexible insurance products tailored to diverse customer segments.
• Positioned as the regional hub for insurance telematics innovation, South Africa’s growing market is setting benchmarks in data-driven underwriting and customer-centric insurance models. This leadership fosters the wider adoption of telematics technology throughout the MEA region, contributing to safer roads and more efficient insurance processes.
   

The insurance telematics market in Brazil is expected to experience significant and promising growth from 2026 to 2034.

• Brazil leads the insurance telematics industry in Latin America, propelled by its large and rapidly digitizing insurance industry, growing smartphone penetration, and increasing consumer awareness of usage-based insurance (UBI) benefits. The country’s evolving regulatory framework encourages innovation in telematics to improve risk assessment and tailor insurance premiums.
• Public and private sector initiatives aimed at enhancing road safety and reducing traffic accidents are driving telematics adoption across Brazil. Insurance companies are actively deploying telematics solutions to monitor driver behavior, prevent fraud, and optimize claims processing for both personal and commercial vehicles.
   
• Brazilian insurers are collaborating with global and local technology firms such as TIM, Telefônica Vivo, and Tracker to implement sophisticated telematics platforms that offer real-time data collection, driver scoring, and personalized insurance offerings. These partnerships support the development of scalable, customer-centric insurance models.
   
• The expanding market for connected vehicles and mobile telematics applications is increasing demand for reliable, cost-effective telematics systems that provide actionable insights into driving patterns, promote safer driving habits, and enable flexible, usage-based insurance products.
• As a regional leader, Brazil is setting standards in telematics-driven insurance innovation, encouraging broader adoption across Latin America. This leadership contributes to enhanced risk management, improved road safety, and greater insurance market efficiency throughout the region.

Insurance Telematics Market Share

• The top 7 companies in the insurance telematics industry are GEICO, Allstate Insurance, Cambridge Mobile Telematics, Progressive Corporation, State Farm, Vodafone Automotive, and Verizon Connect, contributing around 25.5% of the market in 2025.
   
• The insurance telematics industry is led by major insurance telematics companies such as GEICO, Allstate, and Progressive, which continue to expand their usage-based insurance (UBI) offerings through advanced driver analytics and real-time monitoring. GEICO has strengthened its position by improving risk scoring models and enabling personalized premium calculations based on driving behavior. Similarly, Allstate has enhanced its Drivewise platform with AI-powered insights and faster claims processing capabilities, while Progressive Insurance telematics solutions under the Snapshot program provide customizable driving metrics that encourage safer driving and improve underwriting precision across personal and commercial insurance segments.
• Among the leading solutions for insurance telematics in 2025, mobile-based monitoring, AI-enabled driver scoring, and real-time behavioral analytics are transforming how insurers assess risk and engage customers. Cambridge Mobile Telematics has emerged as a prominent provider of insurance telematics solutions by integrating artificial intelligence, smartphone telematics, and data fusion technologies to deliver highly accurate driver assessments. These innovations help telematics insurance companies reduce accident frequency, improve underwriting accuracy, and offer personalized insurance products, creating a more data-driven and customer-centric telematics insurance industry.
• The telematics insurance industry is also witnessing strong momentum from connected vehicle technologies and strategic partnerships between insurers and technology providers. State Farm continues to strengthen its insurance telematics capabilities by expanding telematics-based discount programs and integrating driver coaching features that promote safer driving habits. As customer demand for usage-based insurance rises, insurers are increasingly investing in connected ecosystems that combine real-time vehicle data, predictive analytics, and personalized customer engagement to improve retention rates while supporting long-term profitability in the insurance telematics market.
• Technology providers are playing an increasingly important role in shaping the future of insurance telematics solutions. Vodafone Automotive has enhanced its connected car and cybersecurity capabilities, enabling insurers to securely access real-time driving data for risk management and fleet monitoring. At the same time, Verizon Connect continues to expand its fleet and insurance telematics offerings by combining GPS tracking, IoT connectivity, and driver safety analytics into scalable platforms. These advancements position both companies among the leading insurance telematics companies supporting insurers with efficient claims management, enhanced operational visibility, and smarter risk assessment capabilities. 

Insurance Telematics Market Companies

Major players operating in the insurance telematics industry are:

• Allstate Insurance
• Cambridge Mobile Telematics
• GEICO
• Imetrik Global
• Octo Telematics
• Progressive
• State Farm
• TrueMotion
• Verizon Connect
• Vodafone Automotive

The insurance telematics market is undergoing a transformative shift driven by the widespread adoption of connected devices, mobile telematics, and the increasing availability of real-time driving data. As insurers embrace usage-based insurance (UBI) and behavior-based risk assessment, telematics technology is becoming essential for delivering accurate, personalized underwriting, dynamic pricing, and proactive risk mitigation. This evolution supports advanced use cases such as driver scoring, accident prevention, claims automation, and fraud detection.
 

To address the growing volume and complexity of driver data while meeting regulatory and privacy requirements, telematics providers are integrating AI-driven analytics, secure data transmission protocols, and cloud-edge hybrid architectures. These innovations enable insurers and fleet operators to convert raw telemetry into actionable insights that improve driver safety, enhance customer engagement, and optimize claims handling, all while minimizing data latency and operational overhead.
 

Beyond technological upgrades, telematics is solidifying its role as a strategic enabler of modern insurance ecosystems, delivering real-time monitoring for critical functions such as risk prediction, driver coaching, and fleet management. By integrating with digital platforms, telematics solutions facilitate seamless policy adjustments, usage-based discounts, and efficient claims workflows, driving down costs and unlocking new insurance models centered on personalized mobility. As vehicles and mobile devices become rich data hubs, insurance telematics is emerging as a foundational technology empowering smarter, safer, and more customer-centric insurance landscapes worldwide.

Insurance Telematics Industry News

• The company secured a US$350 million strategic investment led by TPG and Allianz X, with participation from State Farm, to accelerate AI-driven road safety and telematics innovation.
• Targa Telematics announced €125 million in revenue for 2025, representing 10% year-over-year growth. The company also forecast an additional 12% revenue increase in 2026 after integrating the Viasat Group.
• Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance partnered with Cambridge Mobile Telematics to launch an AI-powered safe driving program in South Korea. Samsung highlighted its scale as the country's largest P&C insurer, operating 11 offices across 8 countries and serving millions of customers.
• Motive raised US$150 million in a new funding round. The company reported nearly US$500 million in Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR) and stated that it had been cash-flow positive since late 2024.

The insurance telematics market research report includes in-depth coverage of the industry with estimates & forecasts in terms of revenue ($ Mn/Bn) from 2022 to 2034, for the following segments:

Click here to Buy Section of this Report

Market, By Component

• Hardware
  • On-board Diagnostic (OBD) devices
  • Black box
  • Smartphones
  • OEM embedded devices
• Software
  • Telematics data analytics platforms
  • Behavior scoring engines
  • Mobile telematics applications
  • Policy management & risk assessment tools
  • Dashboards & visualization tools
• Services
  • Professional
  • Managed

Market, By Vehicle

• Passenger cars
  • Sedans
  • Hatchbacks
  • SUV
• Commercial vehicles
  • Light duty
  • Medium duty
  • Heavy duty

Market, By Deployment mode

• Cloud-based
• On-premises

Market, By Enterprise Size

• SME
• Large enterprises

Market, By Insurance

• Usage-Based Insurance (UBI)
  • Pay-As-You-Drive (PAYD)
  • Pay-How-You-Drive (PHYD)
  • Distance-based insurance
• Behavior-based insurance
• On-demand insurance

The above information is provided for the following regions and countries:

• North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
• Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • France
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • Russia
  • Nordics
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
  • Southeast Asia
• Latin America
  • Brazil
  • Mexico
  • Argentina
• MEA
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE