Europe Chemical Air Separation Unit Market Size & Share 2026-2035

Europe Chemical Air Separation Unit Market Size

The Europe chemical air separation unit market was valued at USD 1.4 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 1.9 billion by 2035, expanding at a CAGR of 3.1% from 2026 to 2035, according to the latest report published by Global Market Insights Inc. Market revenue reaches USD 1.5 billion in 2026.

Air separation units (ASUs) supply oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and rare gases to continuous-process industries where gas purity, delivery reliability, and energy consumption determine plant economics. Chemical complexes, steelworks, pharmaceutical facilities, semiconductor fabs, and hydrogen projects sustain the core demand base. Growth therefore depends less on short-cycle equipment purchasing and more on long-duration on-site supply contracts, industrial modernization, and demand for higher-purity gases.

The market covers equipment, engineering, and associated industrial gas generation systems used to separate atmospheric air into commercially usable gas streams for chemical-sector applications and adjacent end uses. It includes cryogenic plants, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA), membrane systems, and hybrid systems delivered through on-site, merchant, pipeline, and cylinder supply modes. It excludes downstream gas-processing equipment that does not perform air separation.

The historic period spans 2022–2025, when the market expanded at a CAGR of 1.1%. The 2026–2035 forecast reflects a mature industrial market with several durable expansion channels: chemical and petrochemical investment, healthcare gas requirements, semiconductor-grade nitrogen demand, hydrogen-related oxygen integration, and replacement of aging cryogenic capacity. Bottom-up assessment across technology, gas type, supply mode, end-use industry, and country demand is triangulated against country-level industrial activity, installed infrastructure, and company operating positions.

Germany remains the largest country market, increasing from USD 275 million in 2025 to USD 366 million by 2035 at a 3.2% CAGR. Spain is the fastest-growing named country market, rising from USD 117 million to USD 165 million at a 3.5% CAGR. The Rest of Europe category, including the Netherlands, Belgium, and Russia, advances from USD 501 million to USD 710 million at a 3.2% CAGR, supported by established industrial clusters and domestic equipment capability.

Key Drivers

Growing chemical industry activity remains the central demand driver. Cefic reports that the European chemical sector generates annual revenue exceeding EUR 700 billion and directly employs approximately 1.2 million people across EU member states. ^{[1]European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic), cefic.org} Chemical plants depend on continuous oxygen, nitrogen, and argon supply for oxidation, inerting, blanketing, purification, cooling, and specialty processing. The requirement is operational rather than discretionary because interruptions can compromise safety, product quality, and plant throughput. Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium remain the principal demand centers because of their concentration of integrated chemical infrastructure.

Industrial gas demand is also broadening across healthcare, electronics, food processing, energy, and metal fabrication. Oxygen demand benefits from electric arc furnace operations, chemical synthesis, wastewater treatment, glass production, and medical supply. Nitrogen demand benefits from inert manufacturing environments, wafer fabrication, packaged food, pharmaceutical production, and refinery operations. Eurostat manufacturing indicators reflect the importance of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and metal fabrication within Europe's industrial base. ^{[2]Eurostat - European Statistics, ec.europa.eu} This diversification reduces dependence on any single heavy-industry cycle.

Healthcare infrastructure and pharmaceutical production provide a comparatively stable source of medical-grade oxygen and nitrogen demand. EFPIA recorded EUR 42.1 billion of pharmaceutical R&D investment in Europe during 2022. ^{[3]European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), efpia.eu} Hospitals and pharmaceutical facilities require verified supply continuity under EN ISO 7396 pipeline standards and European Pharmacopoeia quality requirements. These requirements support a mix of dedicated on-site systems, merchant backup, and certified distribution networks.

Key Restraints

Large cryogenic ASUs require capital investment ranging from tens to hundreds of millions of euros, depending on capacity, purity, process integration, power infrastructure, and site conditions. This investment profile limits direct ownership to high-volume industrial customers and leaves smaller chemical processors dependent on merchant supply. Permitting, substations, cooling systems, utility tie-ins, and long payback periods further increase development risk. Modular PSA, VPSA, and membrane systems reduce the barrier for mid-tier users, but do not fully substitute for high-volume cryogenic production.

Electricity remains the principal operating-cost exposure for cryogenic separation. Electricity accounts for approximately 40–50% of operating costs at a cryogenic ASU. Legacy installations carry a disadvantage where compressor and heat-exchanger configurations consume more power than current systems. Germany and Italy face particular exposure because industrial electricity costs have historically exceeded the EU average. Energy optimization, variable-speed drives, digital scheduling, heat integration, and flexible operation therefore determine whether installed capacity retains commercial relevance.

Europe Chemical Air Separation Unit Market Segment Analysis

By Technology

Cryogenic air separation held USD 1,039 million in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 1,382 million by 2035 at a CAGR of 2.3%. It remains the dominant technology because it can simultaneously produce large volumes of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon at high purity. Fractional distillation operates after atmospheric air is compressed and cooled below approximately −170°C. The process supports oxygen purity exceeding 99.5%, nitrogen purity exceeding 99.999%, and argon purity exceeding 99.998% for demanding chemical, steel, refining, healthcare, and semiconductor applications.

Linde Engineering's SPECTRA distillation column systems and Air Liquide Engineering's LURGI-enhanced cryogenic platforms illustrate the segment's focus on heat integration, energy recovery, and flexible load management. Cryogenic systems remain the standard for large chemical sites because multiple gas streams can be supplied through one integrated asset. Replacement demand will become increasingly important as plants installed during the 1990s and early 2000s approach major overhaul cycles. The segment's lower growth rate relative to non-cryogenic systems reflects its large existing base, not a loss of strategic relevance.

Non-cryogenic technologies increase from USD 385 million in 2025 to USD 565 million by 2035 at a CAGR of 4.3%. PSA systems rise from USD 167 million to USD 249 million at a 4.0% CAGR, while VPSA systems increase from USD 72 million to USD 130 million at a 5.8% CAGR. Membrane systems advance from USD 106 million to USD 160 million at a 5.5% CAGR. Hybrid systems decline from USD 40 million to USD 26 million, recording a negative 4.4% CAGR.

PSA nitrogen generators serve food packaging, electronics assembly, and pharmaceutical uses where 95–99.999% purity is sufficient. Atlas Copco Gas and Process nitrogen-generator systems and Air Products' PRISM membrane separator family address modular applications across varied flow rates. VPSA oxygen systems gain traction in wastewater treatment, glass furnaces, and smaller chemical plants. The technology shift favors users whose demand does not justify a dedicated cryogenic plant but exceeds the economics of cylinder or small merchant supply.

By Gas Type

Nitrogen leads gas-type revenue, increasing from USD 579 million in 2025 to USD 778 million by 2035 at a CAGR of 2.9%. Its broad use in inerting, blanketing, purging, cooling, food packaging, pharmaceutical production, electronics, and metal processing supports the leading position. Semiconductor facilities require nitrogen purity above 99.9999% for wafer processing, where atmospheric contaminants can damage yields. The European Chips Act, Regulation EU 2023/1781, targets a 20% European share of global semiconductor production by 2030 and directs EUR 43 billion of coordinated public and private investment toward the sector.

Oxygen rises from USD 456 million in 2025 to USD 682 million by 2035 at a CAGR of 4.6%, making it the fastest-growing gas category. Demand comes from steelmaking, chemical synthesis, glass production, wastewater treatment, healthcare, and hydrogen-related industrial configurations. Electric arc furnace production represented approximately 45% of European crude steel output in 2024. ^{[4]World Steel Association, worldsteel.org} Oxygen injection improves combustion efficiency, bath stirring, carbon oxidation, and energy recovery. Medical oxygen further supports a stable demand stream because supply continuity and regulatory compliance carry greater weight than commodity pricing.

Argon expands from USD 213 million to USD 272 million at a CAGR of 2.5%. It is produced as a cryogenic byproduct and is used in welding, cutting, semiconductor processes, ion implantation, and physical vapor deposition. Messer Group's welding technologies and Linde's welding-products portfolio support distribution into metal fabrication. Neon, krypton, xenon, and carbon dioxide make up the others category, which rises from USD 176 million to USD 215 million at a CAGR of 2.0%. Rare-gas recovery has gained strategic importance after disruption of Ukrainian neon purification capacity following the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict.

By Supply Mode

On-site/tonnage supply leads, growing from USD 484 million in 2025 to USD 641 million by 2035 at a CAGR of 3.2%. The model serves chemical plants, steel mills, refineries, and major pharmaceutical sites through long-term take-or-pay contracts. Linde's ECOVAR systems and Air Liquide's FLOXAL platforms reflect the on-site model's focus on supply continuity, predictable cost, and customer-specific engineering. The model avoids transportation dependency and provides the lowest long-term unit cost at sufficient consumption volumes.

Merchant/bulk supply rises from USD 427 million to USD 622 million at a 4.0% CAGR, the highest supply-mode growth rate. Merchant delivery serves hospitals, laboratories, food manufacturers, small chemical processors, and fabrication customers whose consumption varies or remains below the threshold for dedicated generation. Linde, Air Liquide, Messer Group, and SOL Group operate extensive regional production and distribution networks. Operators will continue to prioritize conversion of high-volume merchant customers to on-site or pipeline supply where economics permit, leaving the merchant market concentrated in fragmented, variable-demand accounts.

Pipeline supply increases from USD 370 million to USD 487 million at a CAGR of 3.1%. Pipeline networks remain concentrated in the Rhine-Ruhr corridor, Antwerp-Rotterdam chemical belt, and selected refinery clusters in France and Italy. Centralized cryogenic facilities provide oxygen, nitrogen, and argon to multiple co-located customers. Cylinder supply rises from USD 143 million to USD 197 million at a CAGR of 3.3%, serving laboratories, healthcare users, welding businesses, and specialist-gas customers. SIAD Macchine Impianti and regional distributors use digital tracking and smart-valve systems to improve fleet utilization and service response.

By End-Use Industry

Iron and steel remains the largest end-use segment by 2025 revenue, increasing from USD 455 million to USD 466 million by 2035 at a CAGR of 0.2%. The low growth rate reflects the maturity of European steel production, but oxygen intensity remains structurally important. ArcelorMittal's DRI-EAF project at Hamburg Stahlwerk and SSAB's HYBRIT pilot in Sweden illustrate demand from decarbonized steelmaking pathways. Direct-reduced-iron and electric-arc-furnace configurations require large, reliable oxygen volumes despite changes in total steel output.

Chemical and petrochemical applications rise from USD 313 million to USD 487 million at a CAGR of 4.7%. Oxygen supports syngas, ethylene oxide, and maleic anhydride routes. Nitrogen is required for catalyst handling, vessel blanketing, purging, and hydrocarbon transfer. The Rhine-Ruhr corridor, Antwerp-Rotterdam belt, and Fos-sur-Mer complex remain high-density demand nodes. The segment's growth confirms that gas availability has become embedded in European chemical process design rather than treated as a peripheral utility.

Healthcare expands from USD 199 million to USD 428 million at a CAGR of 7.4%, the fastest end-use rate. Medical gases are governed by European Pharmacopoeia requirements and EN ISO 7396 pipeline standards. Hospital systems, high-flow oxygen therapy, home-oxygen programs, and pharmaceutical manufacturing underpin demand. Electronics and semiconductor applications increase from USD 85 million to USD 136 million at a CAGR of 5.2%, supported by requirements for ultra-high-purity nitrogen, oxygen, and rare gases. TSMC's EUR 10 billion Dresden fabrication facility targets production start in 2027, while Intel's planned EUR 17 billion Magdeburg investment represents a major prospective demand anchor.

Oil and gas increases from USD 213 million to USD 292 million at a CAGR of 3.2%. Nitrogen supports purging, pressure testing, and catalyst regeneration, while oxygen supports sulfur recovery and partial oxidation. Food and beverage increases from USD 64 million to USD 78 million at a CAGR of 2.0%; nitrogen supports modified-atmosphere packaging and cryogenic freezing under the food-gas requirements of Regulation 1333/2008. ^{[5]FoodDrinkEurope, fooddrinkeurope.eu} Glass and metal fabrication decreases from USD 57 million to USD 32 million at a negative 5.5% CAGR, while other end uses decline from USD 38 million to USD 28 million at a negative 2.8% CAGR.

Europe Chemical Air Separation Unit Market Regional Analysis

Germany

Germany rises from USD 275 million in 2025 to USD 366 million by 2035, recording a CAGR of 3.2%. BASF's Ludwigshafen Verbund complex, Leuna chemical park, Burghausen specialty-chemicals hub, steel production, and semiconductor investment create a dense base for cryogenic and pipeline supply. The Federal Immission Control Act and TA Luft 2021 set stringent operating and emissions standards that support energy-efficient ASU modernization. Linde and Air Liquide retain strong positions through established on-site and pipeline infrastructure.

In our Q1 2025 structured interviews with 12 industrial gas procurement and engineering leads at major German chemical and steel producers, eight indicated that planned capital expenditure allocations for ASU-related infrastructure would increase by more than 20% over the 2025–2027 period, driven primarily by hydrogen project integration requirements and BImSchG compliance-motivated energy efficiency upgrade programs.

UK

The UK market increases from USD 212 million in 2025 to USD 284 million by 2035 at a CAGR of 3.0%. Pharmaceutical manufacturing, healthcare systems, advanced manufacturing, food processing, and North Sea energy activity underpin demand. BOC, a Linde subsidiary, operates major cryogenic infrastructure at Teesside and in Scotland. The country's geographic separation from continental pipeline networks supports the importance of localized production, merchant distribution, and resilient on-site supply.

France

France rises from USD 182 million to USD 243 million, recording a CAGR of 3.0%. Fos-sur-Mer and Lavéra petrochemical complexes, Normandy pharmaceutical manufacturing, and the greater Paris basin support demand. Air Liquide's home-market infrastructure and Dunkirk pipeline presence create a cost and supply-continuity advantage. The country's industrial decarbonization agenda supports oxygen demand connected with hydrogen, steel, refining, and chemical applications.

Italy

Italy advances from USD 137 million to USD 179 million at a CAGR of 2.8%. Chemical production, manufacturing, food processing, and healthcare underpin the market. SOL Group and SIAD Macchine Impianti hold meaningful regional relevance through industrial-gas production, engineering, and distribution capability. Energy costs remain a material operating constraint, favoring ASU systems that improve heat integration, compressor efficiency, and load flexibility.

Spain

Spain grows from USD 117 million in 2025 to USD 165 million in 2035 at a CAGR of 3.5%, making it the fastest-growing named country market. The PERTE framework supports public co-investment in green hydrogen, renewable infrastructure, and advanced manufacturing modernization. ^{[6]Government of Spain - La Moncloa, lamoncloa.gob.es} ArcelorMittal's Asturias and Gijón facilities provide potential oxygen-demand anchors through electric-arc-furnace conversion. Pharmaceutical and food-processing investment adds nitrogen and medical-gas demand.

Netherlands

The Netherlands is included within Rest of Europe, which rises from USD 501 million in 2025 to USD 710 million by 2035 at a CAGR of 3.2%. Rotterdam's position within the Antwerp-Rotterdam petrochemical belt supports pipeline and merchant demand for oxygen, nitrogen, and argon. The country does not have a standalone revenue estimate. Demand is assessed qualitatively through its chemical-port infrastructure, refinery activity, and proximity to cross-border industrial gas networks.

Belgium

Belgium is also included within the Rest of Europe revenue category. Antwerp constitutes one of Europe's highest-density chemical and petrochemical clusters, with BASF, ExxonMobil Chemical, Borealis, and INEOS operating connected facilities. Air Liquide and Linde pipeline infrastructure supports continuous supply across the cluster. Belgium does not have a standalone market value; its importance is reflected through the cluster's concentration of long-term pipeline and on-site gas demand.

Russia

Russia is included within Rest of Europe and does not carry a standalone revenue figure. Chemical, metallurgical, and energy applications sustain a substantial domestic ASU base. Cryogenmash provides domestic cryogenic equipment, plant installation, and maintenance services across industrial regions. The market's relevance rests on installed industrial capacity and domestic engineering capability rather than a separately quantified revenue assessment.

Europe Chemical Air Separation Unit Market Share & Competitive Landscape

The Europe chemical air separation unit market is moderately concentrated. Linde plc leads with a 14.54% share in 2025, followed by Air Liquide at 8.71%, SOL Group at 7.51%, Messer Group at 6.39%, and Air Products at 4.50%. The top five companies collectively hold 41.65%. The remaining revenue is distributed among regional suppliers, equipment manufacturers, technology specialists, and smaller industrial-gas participants.

Linde plc combines cryogenic engineering, on-site supply contracts, pipeline distribution, and digital plant management. Air Liquide benefits from infrastructure density in France, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. SOL Group and Messer Group compete through regional presence, application engineering, and customized gas solutions. Air Products has oriented European activity toward hydrogen and energy-transition applications. Competitive outcomes depend on installed infrastructure, technical purity capability, capital availability, long-duration customer contracts, and local service reach.

The Linde-Praxair merger completed in 2018 materially changed European competitive positions and required divestitures under EU and U.S. antitrust conditions. Messer Group's 2019 acquisition of selected Air Products European industrial-gas assets strengthened its position in France and Benelux. Investment has since shifted toward hydrogen-compatible systems, digital process optimization, rare-gas recovery, and semiconductor-grade supply capability.

Air Liquide operates extensive industrial-gas production, pipeline, and engineering infrastructure across France, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. In July 2025, the company confirmed continued investment in gas-production units in Germany's Silicon Saxony semiconductor cluster. In February 2025, it announced plans to build, own, and operate an ASU for Mitsubishi Materials with capacity to supply up to 1,400 tonnes per day of oxygen alongside nitrogen, argon, and neon. CRYOCAP and Clean Hydrogen initiatives connect its ASU capability with decarbonization projects.

Linde plc is the market leader with a 14.54% share. Its European position rests on SPECTRA distillation systems, ECOVAR on-site generation, long-term chemical and steel contracts, pipeline assets, and LINDE PLANTSERV monitoring capabilities. The Pullach engineering center supports work on low-energy cryogenic configurations and carbon-capture-integrated ASUs. Linde's scale allows it to pursue complex projects where engineering execution, uptime, and multigas supply matter as much as equipment cost.

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. supplies process engineering, industrial gases, PRISM membrane systems, and cryogenic separation technology. Its European strategy emphasizes hydrogen and clean-energy projects alongside conventional chemical supply. The JAZAN industrial complex provides a large-scale ASU execution reference. European customers use its technology for membrane separation, energy-efficient gas production, and integrated industrial configurations where hydrogen-related oxygen demand can improve total-project economics.

Messer Group supplies industrial gases and ASU-related services across Germany, Austria, France, Belgium, Hungary, and adjacent European markets. Its 2019 acquisition of selected Air Products assets expanded its Western European footprint. Messer's positioning emphasizes customer-specific application engineering, operational reliability, and responsive supply for chemical, food, metallurgical, electronics, and specialty-industrial customers. Its welding-gas business also provides an established argon distribution route into metal fabrication.

TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION operates through Nippon Sanso Holdings and provides industrial gases, air-separation engineering, and high-purity gas systems. Its INERT GAS PURIFICATION systems and semiconductor-market experience make it relevant to European fab expansion. The company's technical position centers on consistent ultra-high-purity gas supply for lithography, deposition, and etch processes, where quality assurance and process stability carry decisive commercial importance.

SOL Group is an Italian-headquartered supplier of cryogenic gases, specialty mixtures, medical gases, and application-engineering services. Its IPER portfolio and medical-gas operations give it exposure to industrial and healthcare growth channels. The company differentiates through regional infrastructure, on-site generation, specialized applications, and product-quality consistency. Its position is strongest where customized gas blends and localized technical support matter more than standardized high-volume supply.

Chart Industries, Inc. participates as an equipment and technology provider supporting cryogenic storage, heat-transfer, processing, and gas-handling systems. Its relevance to European ASU activity arises from the need for reliable cryogenic process equipment in industrial-gas production, storage, and distribution. The company benefits from investment in hydrogen, LNG, industrial gases, and low-temperature process infrastructure.

SIAD Macchine Impianti S.p.A. designs, manufactures, and installs cryogenic ASUs and gas-processing systems for chemical, food, metallurgical, and healthcare uses. It has strong Italian and Southern European project experience. Regional engineering proximity and service capability strengthen its position where buyers value local execution support, application knowledge, and tailored plant design.

Westfalen AG supplies industrial, medical, and specialty gases to European customers. Its relevance lies in distribution, cylinder supply, local customer relationships, and specialist-gas servicing. The company operates in market segments where fleet management, delivery responsiveness, and compliance requirements can be more important than ownership of very large cryogenic assets.

Sapio Group serves industrial and medical-gas applications, with a focus on production, distribution, and healthcare supply. The company's medical-gas capabilities align with the rapid healthcare end-use growth expected through 2035. Its regional position depends on certified quality systems, supply continuity, and the ability to combine on-site and delivered-gas solutions.

CRYOSTAR SAS provides cryogenic equipment, pumps, and process technologies used across industrial-gas and low-temperature applications. The company supports the ASU value chain through equipment that improves transfer, compression, and cryogenic process reliability. Its technology role becomes more important as operators pursue energy efficiency and uptime improvements in installed plants.

Technip Energies S.E. participates through engineering, procurement, and project-execution capabilities for chemical, energy, hydrogen, and industrial infrastructure. Its relevance to the ASU market is strongest where large process facilities integrate oxygen and nitrogen production with hydrogen, refining, petrochemical, or low-carbon industrial projects. The company can support complex project interfaces beyond standalone gas generation.

Burckhardt Compression AG supplies compression technology relevant to industrial gases, hydrogen, and process applications. Its equipment supports the pressure-management requirements of ASUs and downstream gas systems. The company benefits from demand for efficient compression, reliable operation, and process integration in projects where power use and mechanical availability materially affect operating economics.

Tyczka Industries GmbH supplies industrial, specialty, and medical gases across European customer groups. Its market role centers on regional distribution, customer support, cylinder handling, and specialist-gas service. The company contributes to the fragmented end of the supply market, particularly where merchant delivery and application-specific support remain more appropriate than large on-site plants.

Nikkiso Clean Energy & Industrial Gases Group supplies cryogenic pumps, vaporizers, heat exchangers, and equipment used in liquid oxygen and nitrogen distribution. Its submerged-motor cryogenic pump technology supports large-scale gas logistics. The company is a technology participant in ASU operations even where it does not own industrial-gas production assets.

Atlas Copco Gas and Process supplies turboexpanders, integrally geared centrifugal compressors, heat exchangers, and nitrogen-generation technologies. Its equipment addresses cryogenic and non-cryogenic systems. The company's role is particularly important in modular nitrogen generation and in plant designs requiring high-efficiency rotating equipment and process integration.

Technex Limited provides specialist engineering and technical solutions relevant to industrial-gas and process applications. Its market contribution is concentrated in niche project opportunities where technical adaptation, equipment support, and customer-specific delivery are required. The company operates outside the scale-based competitive model of major industrial-gas incumbents.

Sulzer AG contributes pumps, separation technologies, rotating equipment, and process-engineering capability applicable to chemical and industrial-gas facilities. Its technology supports reliability, efficiency, and fluid-handling performance in integrated process plants. Sulzer benefits where ASU modernization is linked with broader chemical-plant energy and maintenance programs.

INOX CVA S.r.l. supplies cryogenic equipment and systems for industrial gases and low-temperature applications. The company's role covers infrastructure supporting storage, vaporization, transport, and handling of cryogenic gases. It is relevant to distributed gas delivery and specialized project configurations requiring modular cold-chain capability.

Vanzetti Engineering S.r.l. designs and supplies cryogenic pumps for industrial-gas, LNG, and low-temperature fluid applications. Its products support gas transfer and distribution infrastructure connected with oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and related cryogenic products. The company competes through equipment reliability and performance in specialized cryogenic service conditions.

Carbo Industrial Ltd. operates in industrial-gas-related supply applications and serves specialized customer requirements. Its relevance lies in regional and niche supply channels that complement large-scale ASU operators. Customer proximity, product availability, and application knowledge define its competitive contribution within the broader European market.

Recent Industry Developments

• Jul 2025: Air Liquide confirmed continued investment in industrial-gas production infrastructure in Germany's Silicon Saxony region, expanding gas-production units to support semiconductor manufacturing operations. The investment strengthens high-purity gas infrastructure for European chip fabrication.
• Feb 2025: Air Liquide announced plans to build, own, and operate a large-scale ASU for Mitsubishi Materials, designed to supply up to 1,400 tonnes per day of oxygen alongside nitrogen, argon, and neon. The project links cryogenic ASU investment with semiconductor and energy-transition demand.